![]() ![]() We find dramatic increases in returns to education from 1989 to 1996 but no change from 1996 to 2002 and no differences in returns to education in state vs. Using micro data on women in the Czech Republic, we compare returns to various measures of human capital at three points in time, namely, the end of Communism (1989), in mid-transition (1996), and in late-transition (2002). This problem may explain the large territorial differences observed across Italian macro-areas. We find that religious participation, reinforcing traditional values and creating strong relational ties among parish members, distorts the marginal effects of the socio-economic determinants of tolerance, producing an adverse effect. ![]() ![]() To address self-selection among parish members, we resort to the Heckman procedure. Subsequently, we analyse the effect of active religious participation on the degree of tolerance towards LGBT + communities. the Queer Friendliness Index, based on microdata drawn from a survey of citizen perception in Italy. This work proposes a novel measure of tolerance towards LGBT + people, i.e. Several reasons may explain this heterogeneity, including religion. Nonetheless, various forms of discrimination are still common, and a wide extent of variation is observed in societal attitudes towards LGBT + people. In recent years, LGBT + communities have obtained significant victories in terms of recognition and civil rights in Western countries.
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